环境空气质量自动监测系统质量保证工作的探索

根据全国多个省市的环境空气自动监测质量保证工作的经验和做法,结合乌鲁木齐市环境空气自动监测质量保证工作实际情况,对点位设置要求、制度体系建立、仪器质量控制难点、数据审核与研判等环境空气自动监测质量保证工作的关键环节进行探索,为加强环境空气自动监测质量保证体系提供参考依据.     

Use of diffuse reflectance spectrometry in spot test reactions for quantitative determination of cations in water

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can be successfully used for the quantitative determination of small amounts of pollutants like metals. The remission function was found to be linearly proportional to the concentration, when we applied the Kubelka–Munk equation. The color reactions of Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) with dithiooxamide, were realised on filter paper. Reaction between Fe(III) and ammonium thiocyanate was realized on filter paper and gelatine matrix. All measurements were accomplished with a laboratory-constructed reflectometer. We have obtained a calibration curve by plotting the optical density of reflectance A_R vs log of the mol l⁻¹ concentration. Limits of detection at the 10⁻⁴ M level were estimated for all the compounds. Linear dynamic range extend over one order of magnitude and shows the potential of device for the quantitative analysis of environmental pollutants.     

不同构造环境中双峰式火山岩的地球化学特征

近年来的研究表明 ,双峰式火山岩套可以形成于大陆裂谷、洋内岛弧、活动大陆边缘、弧后盆地等多种环境。Sm -Nd同位素与不活动微量元素 (REE ,Zr ,Ti,Th ,Nb等 )相结合 ,进行综合研究 ,可帮助判断双峰式火山岩套成因和形成环境。本文总结了不同环境产出的双峰式火山岩组合的岩石学和微量元素、稀土元素、同位素地球化学特征 ,并根据对北祁连边马沟双峰式火山岩研究提出了其形成环境可能为岛弧环境 ,这一认识对探讨该地区造山带演化的地球动力学具有一定的意义 ,对在该地区的找矿工作也有一定的启发。     

旅游活动对风景区地被植物-土壤环境影响的初步研究

以安徽采石风景区为研究对象,建立了旅游活动对风景区地被植物-土壤环境影响模型,观察分析旅游活动对地被植物、土壤的外部形态,种群的高度、丰度、密度,土壤理化性状等影响；引入风景区旅游生态环境容量概念,据此提出风景区生态环境管理对策     

庐山风景名胜旅游地生活废弃物生态足迹分析

随着旅游业的迅猛发展,庐山风景名胜区面临着人口激增和环境破坏的双重压力,如何测量旅游发展的现状以及如何建立可持续发展的旅游系统,是庐山风景名胜区亟待解决的问题。文章结合相关领域学者的研究成果,计算了2003年庐山风景名胜区生活废弃物的生态足迹,结果表明:(1)生活废弃物人均生态足迹为0.0117751hm2,其中CO2排放的生态足迹占总量的98.20%,而污水、粪便、固体垃圾和废弃物处理设施的生态足迹很小,仅占1.80%;(2)CO2排放量为68684.99t,其中旅游交通的贡献率为55.61%,旅游住宿的贡献率为36.26%,游客和居民的贡献率为8.13%;(3)居民废弃物排放量大于游客排放量,CO2和粪便排放量是游客的2.4倍,垃圾产生量是游客的1.32倍,污水排放量是游客的1.18倍;(4)生活废弃物对风景区、九江市以及九江市以外区域的生态影响分别为45.40%、2.78%和51.82%;(5)风景区生态效用为0.5451kgCO2/元,高于全国平均水平和维持可持续发展的理想水平;(6)九寨沟、黄山和庐山生活废弃物生态足迹数据表明,旅游交通对旅游地生态环境的影响最深远,因此改变交通方式或使用环保旅游观光车是减少旅游地生活废弃物生态足迹的重要途径。     

粉煤灰-煤矸石基胶结充填材料制备与性能研究

为了解决我国煤矿采空区地表沉陷以及"三下"压煤资源浪费的问题,提出以粉煤灰-水泥熟料-脱硫石膏复合胶凝材料为胶结材,原状粉煤灰为细骨料,破碎后的煤矸石为粗骨料制备新型煤矿开采胶结充填材料。依据正交试验结果和各因素影响规律趋势图,确定充填材料的优化配合比。研究结果表明,适当增大水泥熟料掺量可缩短材料初凝时间,减小水胶比能使材料强度显著提高,而材料坍落度可通过选取适宜的浆体中的固体质量分数和灰矸比来有效调节,当胶凝材料中水泥含量为15%,脱硫石膏含量为8%,水胶比为2,灰矸比为2∶3,浆体中的固体质量分数为70%时,充填材料性能可达到最佳。通过试验优选材料各项参数,工业废弃物可以用来制备高质量的胶结充填材料。     

循环经济背景下的企业环境会计账户设置优化方法浅析

循环经济发展的宏观形势下,企业的竞争环境发生了转变,经营者在运作过程中不能只考虑经济绩效,同时还必须环境绩效和社会绩效的影响,因此企业环境会计的账户设置也应当进行适当的调整;但是目前关于这方面的理论研究尚显得较为单薄.该文首先从理论推演方面探讨和归纳出了循环经济背景下企业日常经营运作机制的相关评价指标;然后分别选择了制造型企业和生产型服务企业各一家作为研究样本,运用多元统计学中的逻辑回归分析法作为工具进行了实证研究;并结合实证分析的结果,确定了循环经济背景下这两类企业环境会计账户设置优化的可行性途径.     

China's endemic vertebrates sheltering under the protective umbrella of the giant panda

The giant panda attracts disproportionate conservation resources. How well does this emphasis protect other endemic species? Detailed data on geographical ranges are not available for plants or invertebrates, so we restrict our analyses to 3 vertebrate taxa: birds, mammals, and amphibians. There are gaps in their protection, and we recommend practical actions to fill them. We identified patterns of species richness, then identified which species are endemic to China, and then which, like the panda, live in forests. After refining each species' range by its known elevational range and remaining forest habitats as determined from remote sensing, we identified the top 5% richest areas as the centers of endemism. Southern mountains, especially the eastern Hengduan Mountains, were centers for all 3 taxa. Over 96% of the panda habitat overlapped the endemic centers. Thus, investing in almost any panda habitat will benefit many other endemics. Existing panda national nature reserves cover all but one of the endemic species that overlap with the panda's distribution. Of particular interest are 14 mammal, 20 bird, and 82 amphibian species that are inadequately protected. Most of these species the International Union for Conservation of Nature currently deems threatened. But 7 mammal, 3 bird, and 20 amphibian species are currently nonthreatened, yet their geographical ranges are <20,000 km² after accounting for elevational restriction and remaining habitats. These species concentrate mainly in Sichuan, Yunnan, Nan Mountains, and Hainan. There is a high concentration in the east Daxiang and Xiaoxiang Mountains of Sichuan, where pandas are absent and where there are no national nature reserves. The others concentrate in Yunnan, Nan Mountains, and Hainan. Here, 10 prefectures might establish new protected areas or upgrade local nature reserves to national status.     

噪声自动监测系统相关问题研究

总结了环境噪声人工监测方法的缺陷,然后从城市环境噪声数据的性质、噪声自动监测系统的物理构成、噪声监测子站的布设、噪声自动监测有效时间的确定这几个方面对噪声自动监测系统进行了相关问题的论述.     

高分辨率遥感影像在土壤环境质量监测点位布设中的应用

在土壤环境质量监测点位布设工作中,利用高分辨率遥感影像等数据和资料,可以增强点位布设结果的规范性和合理性。基于环境保护部和中国环境监测总站下发的土壤环境质量监测点位布设技术方案,分别介绍了基础点位、风险点位和背景点位的总体布设方式和布设要求,以及高分辨率遥感影像在各类点位理论布设中的具体应用方法。